Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships Essay

Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships - Essay Example US system of government has become more and more federal as time has gone by. As federalism increases the nature of co-operation also changes between the different forms of government. A local government which depends on the provincial government for its existence would certainly be less demanding and more co-operative as compared to a local government which has been given constitutional status. In US federal governments have a right to make laws in variety of spheres. The congress can pass only certain laws related to certain fields specified in the constitution. However experts believe that this autonomy or freedom is mainly on paper than in practice. As federal government control the purse strings they have the power to convince local governments to follow model bills prepared by the congress. In some areas these powers are beneficial but may also be prove contrary to local benefits in some cases. This is probably the most important aspect of intergovernmental relations as a government interacts through their bureaucrats. At a particular point of time FBI is represented by the agent who is interacting with the LAPD.These officers can cause conflicts between two governments and can also make them very reactive to each other depending upon their personal rapport or enmity. One of the most important examples in the recent times of intergovernmental relation has been anti-terrorist inquiries. Some of these inquiries are carried out parallel by the both the FBI as well as state police. In major terrorist attack cases even the homeland security may be involved. Local police officers do not like any case which happens even their area to be transferred to the FBI. They see this as a personal insult. This lead to enmity between the forces and lead to an atmosphere of mistrust. It has been documented by various investigators that prior information about a 9/11 plot was

Bleeding Kansas and its impact on the Civil War Research Paper

Bleeding Kansas and its impact on the Civil War - Research Paper Example Settlers in the Kansas Territory were largely abolitionist, believing that slavery had no place in the territory. Missouri, a pro-slave state, argued against the admittance of Kansas as a slave-free state which escalated violence and confrontation between these two radically different regions. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise was passed, a piece of legislation that was intended to separate the pro-slave South and the anti-slave North. The Missouri Compromise banned the practice of slave ownership in what was then the Louisiana Territory north of the 36 °30†² parallel, a line of latitude that now runs through Tennessee and Kentucky. Much of what is now the state of Missouri is above this circle of latitude, which began to fuel contention and opposition nearly immediately after passing the Missouri Compromise. In political and social circles, there was much disagreement that the Missouri Compromise, which served as the first legally-created point of division between pro-slavery and anti-slavery opposition, would ultimately lead to the destruction of the fledgling Union. Offered Thomas Jefferson in a letter to John Holmes, a renowned U.S. Senator, â€Å"A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle†¦once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper† (Peterson, 1960, p.548). ... The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed settlers to establish their own governments and determine whether they would be pro- or anti-slave states. Now, in 1854, a new form of resentment and antagonism was building in the nation about the viability and ethical implications of slavery as a future national scenario, a point of controversy that led to the historical situation today referred to as Bleeding Kansas. The Local and National Mechanisms leading to Bleeding Kansas The most notable character fuelling the Bleeding Kansas scenario was U.S. Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois) who designed and advocated the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The country, in need of expansion to fuel a growing and incomplete national economy, intended to terminate the Missouri Compromise so as to open new farming lands and ensure development of a more efficient and nationally-connected Transcontinental Railroad. Though a very ambitious piece of legislation, the influence of a democratica lly-dominant Senate continued to exert the notion of Popular Sovereignty, a belief that individual citizens maintained the right and determination to establish their own form of self-government separate from the Federal system. Stephen A. Douglas understood that many states and territories had well-established social and political sentiment about the viability of engaging in slavery, with a deep and growing division of sentiment that complicated creating relevant laws produced in the nation’s capital. Government representatives were regularly victims of anti-government sentiment during this time period as regardless of whether the government supported or refuted the relevance of slavery, pro- and anti-slavery advocates (abolitionists) continued to apply

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay Example for Free

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay English Views of Native Americans during Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World During the 16th and 17th century, as settlers from Europe continued to flock to the New World, technologies were being introduced that affected English views of Native Americans and how they saw Catholic, or more specifically, Spanish treatment of the Natives. Many countries wanted superiority in the Americas and to do that they needed more colonists and support from their homelands. To accomplish these goals different means were employed. For England, the New World settlements served a variety of purposes. To secure investors through stock purchases by showing them they would be well rewarded, attract new colonists, and to expand Protestantism in the New World to combat the Catholic movement in the Americas (text 38). Helping in these goals were new technologies that created some of the first propaganda. Many people in Europe feared the Native Americans, thinking of them as savage and uncivilized. Unrest and this fear among the people probably caused many to avoid even entertaining the thought of transplanting themselves and their family to an unknown continent. In 1588 Thomas Harriot published the first pamphlet about life in the New World. Describing great weather, fruitful land, and a wealth of goods these writings encouraged people to travel across the Atlantic. Along with him, painter John White, portrayed the Native Americans as a peaceful people that could easily coexist with Europeans. Taking liberties from these paintings, Theodore de Bry, a protestant from Belgium, made copperplate engravings of civilized Indians. These pictures and views of the Natives had a widespread appeal across England and alleviated fears of the New World which encouraged more settlers to take the voyage and more investors to purchase stock in colonizing companies. One of the biggest battles in the New World was between Catholic and Protestants to control the Americas. During this time Spain was the envy of Europe. With a large navy they were one of the most powerful armies in the world, wealthy, and boasted many colonies in the New World. Several countries, especially England, looked upon Spain with disdain. England being a Protestant country and Spain Catholic did nothing but increase the tension. Public opinion was very important in this power struggle. In 1598 Theodore de Bry republished Bartolome de Casa’s â€Å"Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (text 38-39)† which helped win supporters for the Protestant movement and England’s prerogative in the Americas. Originally this book was written in 1541 about Spanish mistreatment of the Indians. De Casa’s writing along with de Bry’s graphic illustrations horrified people of the torture and killing of Indians by the Spaniards. The Protestants saw the Catholics as agents of the devil who needed to be purged from society in the New World. Ironically this thinking was hypocritical as almost all countries, including England, mistreated the Native Americans throughout colonization and for centuries to come. Many travel accounts were written over the years that portrayed a frightening and exciting New World to the Europeans. While most of these accounts were written based on opinion and very little facts, they had an important place among society and were very powerful in swaying people’s opinions about Native Americans, the New World, and rival European nations. New technologies of publishing and illustrating at the time helped spread these documents ideas and opinions faster than ever and we saw for possibly the first time ever a propaganda war.

Things Fall Apart Masculinity English Literature Essay

Things Fall Apart Masculinity English Literature Essay Our lives are influenced by our peers and there believes. For instances, Ibo tribes in Africa believe in male masculinity and dominance, such that all individuals are conditioned from a young age to understand the concept of male superiority. Anyone who strays away from this believe is shunned by the community or considered weak. In Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart the main character Okonkwos life is based upon the believe of male masculinity and hard work. He prides himself on his masculinity and does not accept failure or weakness of any kind including any from his family members. An example of an individual that Okonkwo despised and does not accept was Okwonkos father Unoka. To the community he was weak and considered to not be a true man. He was a failure in the eyes of society and constantly burrowed money. Unoka had only taken one wife and was unable to support his family. This inability to support his family stemmed from his bad work ethic and laziness. When Unoka died he had taken no title at all and he was heavily in debt (pg. 5). Due to his failure Unoka was frequently called an Agbala, which is a word that means a woman or an insult that describes a man that has taken no titles. Seeing his father inability to provide for the family Okwonko devoted his life to hard work and to hate everything his father loved. Unokas failures sculpted Okwonko to the man he was in the novel he became hard working and despised laziness. He was the complete opposite of Unoka, earning many titles, having many wives and being a successful man. All aspects of Okonkwos life were devoted to masculinity. Even when farming he was conditioned by his clansmen that yams their staple crop is the king of crops. This is further the male dominance in the Ibo culture because males will be the only people able to provide for the family. When his family was working hard to provide food he thought it would not help because they could not grow yams. He thought that His mother and sisters worked hard enough, but they grew womens crops, like coco-yams, beans and cassava.(pg. 19) and that Yam, the king of crops, was a mans crop (pg. 19). These believe caused him to seek yams seeds at a young age to try to help grow crops for his family. Masculinity is so important to Okonkwo that he would have done everything he could to prevent anyone from questioning his masculinity. This is due to his father failure and position in the Ibo community. Every time he felt weak Okonkwo was reminded of his father failure and how he was not able to provide for his family. Which lead Okonkwo to even participated in the killing of his adoptive son Ikemefuna because he was afraid of being thought weak (pg. 53). Afterward he slumped into a period of depression because of his actions. Okonkwo did not taste any food for two days after the death of Ikemefuna (pg.55). His view of masculinity is so high that he was even willing to kill his loved ones. One of the main traits of masculinity that Okonkwo believed in was the ability to control everyone in his household. He believed that all people must obey what he says in house and do what they were told. Whenever any of his wives talked back or tried to argue with him he would beat them. Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper (pg. 10). Â  In addition he believed that no matter how prosperous a man was, if he was unable to rule his women and his children (and especially his women) he was not really a man (pg.46). This is why he would always talk down to his children and wives to show that he is the authority figure in the house and if anyone one would question this he would beat them. Overall Okonkwo refused to accept any signs of someone challenging his authority as the leader of his house hold. During The New Yam Festival, a holiday that is celebrated by feasting an argument arises between Okonkwo and his second wife Ekwefi. The New Yam Festival was a time of relaxation but in the eyes of Okonkwo it is a sign of laziness which he hates so very much. This causes him to become angry and in a fit he complains about a banana tree which Ekwefi cut some leaves form. Without further argument Okwonkwo gave her a sound beating and left her and her only daughter weeping (pg. 33). Okwonko became even more enraged when he heard her murmured something about guns that never shot (pg. 33), an insult on his poor hunting skills and shot at her with his gun. Luckily for Ekwefi he missed, but this proved how any sign of defiance or challenge to his masculinity is unacceptable to him in anyway. Throughout the novel Okonkwo does not show any signs of compassion for his children. In his perspective it is effeminate and a sign of weakness. This is also the reason why he never shows any love for his daughter Enzima. He even stated that he will not have a son who cannot hold up his head in the gathering of the clan (pg. 28) and that he would rather strangle him with his own hands. (pg.28). At one point he scolded Nyowe his eldest son and Ikemefuna his adoptive son about how to grow yams properly. Inwardly Okonkwo knew that the boys were still too young to understand fully the difficult art of preparing seed-yams. But he thought that one could not begin too early. Yam stood for manliness, and he who could feed his family on yams from one gravest to another was a very great man indeed (pg. 28). This shows how important being a man is and how being effeminate will not be tolerated in his household while he is alive. Okwonko even put his favorite child in danger because of his masculinity. When Ezinma fell sick Ekwefi wanted to take action, but the Oracle would not let her. Okwonko did not try to stop the Oracle even thought he loved Ezinma. He was afraid that if he showed any compassion he would be thought of as less of a man. Ekwefi could not even take any action for her own daughters sake for it was against the tradition and culture of their village Umofia. Ekwefi already lost five other children at young ages but now that Ezinma had come to ten years of age she refuse to let anything hurt her. She did everything she could to protect her. Even before Ezinma was born Okonkwo hired a medicine man to help get rid of the bad spirit that was haunting her. The doctor ordered that there should be no more mourning for the dead child. Then he took it away to bury in the Evil Forest, holding it by the ankle and dragging it on the ground behind him. (pg. 69). Yet Okwonko let the Oracle take Enzima away a nd only went looking for her after a while because it was the manly thing to do. Okwonkos belief in the Ibo masculine lifestyle eventually leads him to his death. He wanted to take action and kill everyone who was trying to change his way of life that he grew up with. When the messengers came to stop the gathering Okonkwo drew his machete(pg. 176) and cut the lead messenger down. The messenger crouched to avoid the blow. It was useless. Okonkwos machete descended twice and the mans head lay beside his uniformed body. (pg. 176). Then everyone started to panic and question why he killed the messengers. That was when he realized his way of life was over because they let the other messengers escape. Later on he committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree. This shows that he was so ingrained in his cultures lifestyle that when it was taken away he had nothing left to live for. Okonkwos believe of masculinity lead him to beat his own children and wife. In addition it also lead him to kill one of his loved ones. Even thought he loved Ikemfuna like a son he hated weakness so much because of his father laziness and inability to support his family. Okonkwos also believes that yams are the king of all crops like all his clansmen does because it is the staple crop of the Ibo people of Africa. He is so ingrained in the belief of masculinity that he commits suicide when he discovered his way of life that he lived his entire life had been taken away from him. We live our lives based on the ideas of people around us and when it is gone we are gone with it such in the case of Okonkwo. Words 1502

Domestic Violence: The Tracy Thurman Story :: Violence Against Women Essays

There is one particular case that stands out in my mind when I think of domestic violence. The Tracy Thurman Story. Tracy Thurman was a Connecticut housewife. She suffered a horrendous abuse at the hands of her husband. As the days got older so did the beatings and was more horrified each day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Buck and Tracy got involved she realized that he had a gambling problem. She had confronted him about him losing money while gambling in front of his friends. Buck became furious and punched the door working his way around Tracy. Buck then starts yelling and saying how his mother put a gun to his head and asked Tracy never to leave him. Seeing his vulnerable side, Tracy felt sorry for him. This showed Tracy that Buck had a shattered soul and a sense of humanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not too long, after Tracy found out she was pregnant. After telling Buck the news, he beat her for the first time. Tracy then leaves from Florida to Connecticut, her hometown and stays with a close friend. Buck follows her to Connecticut and begs, pleads, and promises that it will never happen again. They then get married, stayed in Connecticut, and had a baby boy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buck is unable to find work and convinces Tracy to move back to Florida. After losing a game of cards, he goes to rage and beats Tracy again leaving her two black eyes. Tracy moves back to Connecticut, only to have Buck follow her and takes the baby away from Tracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this point Tracy gets a restraining order against Buck. He is not allowed in the state of Connecticut, and Tracy’s home. She sees Buck standing in front of her home and calls the police. The police cannot find the court order against Buck. When the officer comes to the house and tells Tracy that her husband has a right to stand in the street and it would be easier if they weren’t married.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple days later, Buck is outraged. He goes to Tracy’s house again screaming for her to come out of the house. This time he doesn’t let up. Tracy then calls the police again and tells them that Buck is outside her house again and wants a patrol car to come by the house. The officer takes a detour back to the station. The officer takes forever to get to the house.

Macbeth - Murder At Inverness Castle :: essays research papers

On Macbeth’s day of success he was greeted by three weird sisters, the witches, and in turn they said, the first witch to him, all hail to the thane of Gladis, this came as no surprise to him as he already held this title, the second witch then said to him, all hail thane of Cawdor, this interested him, he wondered why would he be made thane of Cawdor when the current thane of Cawdor was a noble gentleman, then came the turn of the third and ultimate witch, she said to Machbeth, all hail to the King, at this instant Machbeth was fascinated he was immediately over come with his ambition to become the King of Scotland. The three weird sisters left. A matter of seconds later Macbeth was told that he was to be thane of Cawdor, Macbeth now realised that the next prophecy was him becoming king. Next he is told by the king that he will be staying In his castle Duncan the King was to stay in Machbeth’s castle, was this a sign set up by the witches, Macbeth was either to wait u ntil Duncan died naturally or was he to kill him. Machbeth wrote a letter to his wife, lady Macbeth to tell her of the happenings on his day of success, now lady Macbeth realised what must be done, that when Duncan came that night he was to be killed and she would be made queen, Queen of Scotland. At this point lady Macbeth uses the comparison of the raven the bird of darkness, of death and of hell. At this point lady Macbeth speaks to the spirits of the witches, In her famous un-sex me speech, she asks the witches that for one night to take all her feminine qualities such as remorse compassion regret and sorrow, she says, come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall, she does not even want the female quality to be able to give milk, because she feels that a woman does not have the ability to kill an innocent man, she wants all her qualities which will dis able her to kill Duncan taken from her. Now Macbeth returns to greet his wife, Lady Macbeth tells him Duncan comes here to night and explains that he must die and they were to kill him, She tells him to look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under, meaning to kill Duncan and take pleasure from it, stab him when he is already dead, but when the body is found act astonished like it suprises you and disgusts you.

Teenage Struggle

Chapter 1 Problem and its Setting The emergence of new technologies and the fast-paced technological advancements marked the beginning of the 21st century. Different gadgets and tools to suffice the wants and to help ease the difficulties encountered by man in his daily existence have been invented and are constantly developed. Unlike in the past, these changes are not confined to a certain nation or country only, but rather, to the whole human population. Effects of these technologies in the fields of medicine, education, transportation, communication, economics, and warfare, to name a few, are globally observable.Information superhighway is undoubtedly one of the most developed fields. Extensive researches have been done to improve this indispensable field. Social Networking communities are here to stay. Facebook has over 500 million users, while twitter has over 200 million. That’s not even counting blogs or Youtube video blogs. There’s no doubt that the students are actively engaged in online communities. Some of the social networking sites have a negative & discernable effect on us as human beings. How much do these selected social networking sites affect out our actions, our thoughts, our decisions & in general our lives?Social networking sites offer people new and varied ways to communicate via internet, whether through their PC or their mobile phone. They allow people to easily and simply create their own online page or profile and to construct and display an online network of contacts, often called ‘friends’. Users of these sites can communicate via their profile both with their friends and with people outside their list of contacts. This can be on a one-to one basis (much like an email), or in a more public way such as a comment posted for all to see.We live in a society which praises individuality & freedom, & therefore to most people it is a scary thought that an outside source, such as some of social networking sites has a large effect in our lives, & therefore it is no surprise that most people do not believe that these selected social-networking sites have a strong effects on them. But when it comes to students it becomes more personal. The effects of our modern media on the students are something that we do not really know for many years. If ever, history might give us a clue – the parallels between the advent of today’s new social networking sites amp; the advent of books show that we could be in paradigm societal change. But no other media absorbed one’s life in such a passive, complacent way as the internet do to thousands of students. More research are need to be done in this field, but we believe that it is self apparent to everyone that some of the social networking sites have a large impact on our lives. We determine our identity in relation to – Facebook, Twitter, Google, Youtube; are all determined by some social networking sites to some extent.Ideally, as res earchers we would learn the skills to discern the effect of some social networking sites in our lives & learn to control & to resist its temptations. Thesis Statement This study identifies how social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter, influence students in doing good and bad things, on how social media affects the mental & physical behavior of students in school or at home. This study also wants to identify how students adapt to the exposure of many people that they do not know on the internet.The researchers want to study how some of the social networking sites influence students because the researchers want to know how they adapt to different people & how they adapt to new social trends in our time. Objectives 1. To determine how Facebook and Twitter influence the academic performance of the selected grade 8 students. 2. How Facebook and Twitter affects the physical, mental and social health of the selected grade 8 students. 3. To enumerate their motivations why they are using these some social networking sites. Hypothesis A. Null HypothesisMany students rely on the accessibility of information on the social networking sites specifically and the web in general to provide answers. That means a reduced focus on learning and retaining information such as the features of the web wherein sites can be bookmarked or downloaded, thus, making it available for students anytime. B. Alternative Hypothesis Social Networking sites have increased the rate & quality of collaboration for students. They are able to communicate meeting times or share information quickly, which can increase productivity and help them learn how to work well in groups.Social networking sites teach students skills that they will need to survive in the business world. Being able to create and maintain connections to many industries is an integral part of developing a career or building a business. Statement of the Problem Generally, this research paper is giving information about the effects of social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter, to the studies of selected grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following: 1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of their: a.Age b. Gender c. Time allotted for using social networking site/s d. Time allotted for studying 2. Why do they need to register to these social networking sites? 3. Are there any changes in your everyday activities when you started using social networking sites? 4. Are they aware in any harm that the social networking sites might do to them? 5. What are their motivations why are they using these some social networking sites? Scope and Limitations Because of many Social Networking sites in the Philippines, this research focuses on the two mostly used by the youth, Facebook and Twitter.The study was conducted at St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. It will focus on the positive & negative effects of the social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter on studies of the selected grade 8 students. Thus, it will be limited to the output that the selected respondents, every 20 students from grade 8 students coming from the sections Diligence, Justice, Patience, Prudence and Purity will provide such as data and information that will come from the questionnaires that were distributed as well as the information that will be gathered and criticized.Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following: To the Students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City This study will give information on how to use it in a proper manner and to be aware of how these social networking sites could affect their studies. To the Faculty This study will give the teachers sufficient knowledge about how the students utterly affect their studies because of the social networking sites nowadays. How this new technology affects the youth nowadays. To the CommunityThis study i ntends to make the community aware on the effects of social networking sites. To give information on how they can use it in a more advantageous way. To the Future Researchers The researchers can have a basis for future study regarding on the effects of Facebook and Twitter in the studies of grade 8 students. To the Parents Parents must know this social networking sites and how it affect on their child’s study habits. Also, to guide them in their academics. To the User This study would also help the user to control the usage of Facebook and Twitter and to focus more on his/her studies.DEFINITION OF TERMS * Abuse – The improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improper gain benefit. * Dependent – Relying on someone or something else for aid, support. * Descriptive Study – A statistical study to identify patterns or trends in a situation, but not the casual linkages among its different elements. * Facebook – Is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. Mental Health – Describes a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder. * Paradigm – One that serves as a pattern model. * Questionnaire – A research instrument consisting of a series of questions & other prompts for the purpose gathering information from respondents. * Social Networking Sites – A social networking site is website where individuals can set up an online profile, describing his/her interests, and add links to other profiles. Generally, users are able to post personal information, including photographs, videos, and blog entries. Temptation – The act of tempting or the condition of being tempted. * Twitter – is an online social networking service and micro blogging service that enable its users to send and read text-based messages of u p to 140 characters, known as â€Å"tweets†. Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies 2. 1 Related Literature (Awake, 2011. ) Social networking site can be addictive â€Å"After just a few days of having an account, I couldn’t stop looking. Students can just spend their hours through pictures and post instead of studying. It consumes your time, privacy, reputation, friendship and time. (Boyd, 2006. In educational institutions, success is measured by study habits, or how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. As career competition grows ever fiercer in the working world, the importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of parents, legislators and government education departments alike. Therefore, when the term â€Å"low† is integrated with the term â€Å"study habits†, it is the inability to acquire particular grades on examinations that indicated the individual’s mastery of th e content, and skills in applying learned knowledge to specific circumstances. Wiseman, 1961. ) on the point of study habits or excellence, (Tuckman, 1975. ) posted that, performance is used to label the observable manifestation of knowledge, skills, concepts, and understanding and ideas. Thereby, performance is the application of learning product that at the end of the process provides mastery. It is the acquisition of particular grades on examinations indicated a candidates’ ’ ability, mastery of the content, skills in applying learned knowledge to particular situations. A student’s success is generally judged on examination performance.Success in examinations is a crucial indicator that a student has benefited from a course of study. Source: http://www. irma-international. org/viewtitle/43067/ 2. 1. 1 Local Articles Facebook had over 500 million users who go online with active profiles. Because of its great influence, Facebook has a lot of critics, and for go od reason. No matter how you look at it, whether it is consensual or not, Facebook is intrusive. Not too many Filipinos are aware that Facebook has received so much criticism. It is not that they are not aware of what is going on in other countries.It is more a case of not being able to relate rather than not knowing or caring enough to learn about other countries. Facebook makes it easy for us to connect and share things we like and to read about and know our friends. It has made complex human interaction simpler; it made things that were already there easier. It has simplified how we live our lives. Source: http://opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110304-323534/The-Facebook-effect 2. 1. 1. 1 The Facebook Effect This article is related to the research because it explains the facts and effects about Facebook.This article will help us to understand why the youth continuously patronizing Facebook and other social networking sites. What are the things/reasons why th ey choose it instead of studying. 2. 1 Related Studies How do Social Networking Sites Affect Students? Most of the time, students spend their time hanging around the web with the popular social networking sites. Every day, more and more people are getting more attached to  Social Networking sites  Ã‚  as it is now moving in as one of the primary means of communication of people. Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ ere only a few of the tons of the sites out there that caters the need of people. Through Social Media, people have the chance to combine work and relaxation. However, did you ever encounter the question? How do Facebook affect your life? And what is your answer? What are the benefits a student can get by using Social Networking Sites? Here are some points: * Get in touch with your loved ones, relatives, and   friends * Get to know the latest   news and issues * Participate in online discussions * Communicate with your classmates * Be reminded   of assignments, projec ts, and   quizzes Conduct group meetings for group projects and announcements * Get the latest status and messages of your friends through the News   Feed Obviously, social sites have a lot of uses for people with their exceptional functionalities. Even without meeting in person, people can now interact with each other and make a productive gathering. However, despite the fact that Social Media are extremely helpful, it is still not perfect because there are still some negative points we can encounter while using it. Some of the bad effects are: * It invades your privacy * It distracts you in everything you do Too much attachment to it may lead to spending too much time in it without doing your tasks * There are some wrong information released by unauthorized people that  causes fear The mentioned good and bad effects were only partial and it also varies depending on the person involved. Though some people still makes the best out of  Social Media, we can’t still forg et the negative side of it. Maybe, we should just ask ourselves on what is our current position in the Social Networking World. The ever-growing technology helps us make our life easier and better but we must be sure that we should treat it with moderation.Source: http://www. noypigeeks. com/featured/how-do-social-networking-sites-affect-students/ 2. 2. 1 Local Studies It is true that an interactive world can help the students to do their assignments efficiently and accurately. The young members of population have started the marketers to start experimenting with alternative forms of communication. The birth of social networking sites and its growth is enormously fast and the members are unlimited ( 2009). The only purpose of the social networking is to follow the success of Google in which they also adopted the advertising-based model.But the social networking sites did not realize that their adaptation of the advertising-based model is not sustainable since the students are only a ccessing their site just to interact of communicate with their friends and not to purchase their products online. There is so much promise in advertising online, especially when there are large marketers, but if the target of the online site is the middle aged people – the success is seemingly blurred. Source: http://opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110304-323534/The-Facebook-effect 2. 2. 1. Effect of social networking to students' study habit However, it is logical to think that the students who used to view their network account more than necessary in a day is highly risky in failing grades, than the one who can manage her or his time and maintaining the routine to finish all his assignments before clicking the icons on his homepage. 2. 1. 2 International Articles Social networking websites are causing alarming changes in the brains of young users. Sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Bebo are said to shorten attention spans, encourage instant gratificat ion and make young people more self-centered.More than 150 million use Facebook to keep in touch with friends, share photographs and videos and post regular updates of their movements and thoughts. A further six million have signed up to Twitter, the ‘micro-blogging' service that lets users circulate text messages about themselves. but while the sites are popular – and extremely profitable – a growing number of psychologists and neuroscientists believe they may be doing more harm than good. Lady Greenfield told the Lords a teacher of 30 years had told her she had noticed a sharp decline in the ability of her pupils to understand others.Psychologists have also argued that digital technology is changing the way we think. They point out that students no longer need to plan essays before starting to write – thanks to word processors they can edit as they go along. The author said that he’s not against technology and computers. But before they start soci al networking, they need to learn to make real relationships with people. Source: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1153583/Social-websites-harm-childrens-brains-Chilling-warning-parents-neuroscientist. html 2. 1. 2. 1 Social Websites Harm Children's BrainsThis article is related to the research because it explains how the physical and mental abilities of the children affected because of Twitter and Facebook. Also, it explains why Facebook strongly patronizes by the youth. 2. 2. 1. 2 International Studies Social networking websites like Orkut, Facebook, Myspace and Youtube are becoming more and more popular and has become part of daily life for an increasing number of people. Because of their features, young people are attracted to social networking sites. In this paper, the authors explore the impact of social networking sites on the education of youth.The study argues that these social networking websites distract students from their studies, but these websites can be use ful for education based on sound pedagogical principles and proper supervision by the teachers. Moreover, the research concludes that social networking websites have both positive as well as negative impact on the education of youth, depending on one’s interest to use it in a positive manner for his or her education and vice versa. Source: http://www. irma-international. org/viewtitle/43067/ 2. 2. 1. 2. 1 The Impact of Social Networking Websites on the Education of YouthThis study is related to the research because it has the same problem that the researchers want to distinguish. It explains how useful are the social networking sites are. Chapter 3 Methodology The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of Facebook and Twitter to the studies of the selected Grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. This chapter discusses the research method, the respondents, the research instrument, the procedure and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design: Descriptive Method was used to achieve the object of this study.This method is the gathering, analyzing and making accurate statistical method reference books and articles in the internet. It seeks to describe how do Facebook and Twitter affect the studies of Grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. Respondents: The respondents of this research involved the selected Grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. Survey forms from each 5 section namely Diligence, Justice, Patience, Prudence and Purity were distributed. Due to the large number of students, only 50% of the total number of respondents will be included to avoid discrepancy.Research Instrument: The researchers distributed questionnaires to each student; it includes simple yet conceptual questions. The researchers strategically apprehend of questions that would accurately reflect the desired data and result. The questions are as follows: Statistical Treatment: For the statist ical treatment of data gathered, the researchers utilized theerfectage inorder to quantify the data gathered. For all the actors, the formula is P = F * 100 N Where P = Percentage F = Frequency N = Total number of respondents Conceptual Framework STAGE 1 Choosing a subject for a study and its potential problems. Suggesting ideas on what topic will benefit administrators, students and to the future researchers. STAGE 2 Looking for and using reliable sources for the background of the study. * Gathering information through books that was made by the previous researchers. STAGE 3 Planning and preparing the survey tools to be used in the study. -The group planned to have a multiple choice question type by Ebel in 1992 STAGE 4 Distribution and collection of the survey tools from the respondents. * Researchers will distribute a total of 100 copies of survey forms to the sophomore students. Every top 20 of each class will answer the given questionnaire. STAGE 5 Tabulating, Analyzing and Int erpreting the data gathered. * Once answered and returned, the researchers will tabulate and analyze the results based on the respondents' answers. STAGE 6 Analyzed data, drawing conclusion, and giving recommendation. – Devise findings from the results. – Formulate own conclusions on the results to the survey. – Propose recommendations Theoretical Framework * The researchers conduct survey test about the effects of Twitter and Facebook to the strudies of grade 8 students. The researchers will tabulate the results in the survey that the researcher made to figure the common mistakes of the respondents. * The Researches want to identify what are effects of Twitter and Facebook to the strudies of grade 8 students. * Social Networking sites have increased the rate ; quality of collaboration for students. They are able to communicate meeting times or share information quickly. * Many students rely on the accessibility of information on the social networking sites spec ifically and the web in general to provide answers. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of DataThis chapter reviewed the analysis of the survey that was used by the proponents, the analysis table that shows the result of the survey and the interpretation of each table. TABLE 1: Exhibits the results of the survey questions 1 – 4 are concerned with the information when students are using Facebook and Twitter. | No. of Respondents answered| Percentage(%)| 1. What is your time allotted for using social networking site/s per day? | | | a. More than 3 hours| 39| 39| b. More than 6 hours| 19| 19| c. Less than 3 hours| 36| 36| d. Less than 6 hours| 6| 6| TOTAL| 100| 100| 2.What is your time allotted for studying per day? | | | a. More than 3 hours| 32| 32| b. More than 6 hours| 8| 8| c. Less than 3 hours| 50| 50| d. Less than 6 hours| 10| 10| TOTAL| 100| 100| 3. Why do you need to register to these social networking sites? (Multiple answers allowed)| | | a. To keep in touch with friends and family. | 70| 46. 05| b. To meet new people. | 39| 25. 66| c. For school purposes such as research| 43| 28. 29| d. Others: ______________| 0| 0| TOTAL| 152| 100| 4. Do you find Facebook and Twitter addicting? | | | a. YES. (please rate your addiction from 1-10. No. is the lowest) _______| 80| 80| b. NO. | 20| 20| TOTAL| 100| 100| 4. a. Addiction Level| | | 1| 0| 0| 2| 0| 0| 3| 0| 0| 4| 3| 4. 69| 5| 8| 10| 6| 7| 8. 75| 7| 11| 13. 75| 8| 29| 33. 75| 9| 11| 13. 75| 10| 11| 13. 75| TOTAL| 80| 100| From question number 1 and 2, the leading time allotted for students in using Facebook and Twitter and for studying is more than 6 hours followed by less than 6 hours. From the third question, we can see that the reason why students registers to Facebook and Twitter is that they want to keep in touch with friends and families. It is followed by for school purposes.Seeing the fourth question, the majority of the sophomore students said that it is addicting to use Faceboo k and Twitter. We asked them to rate their addiction form 1 – 10 and the most number is 8 followed by 7, 9 and 10. TABLE 2: Presents the physical, mental and social attitude of the students when they are using Twitter and Facebook. | ALWAYS| SOMETIMES| SELDOM| NEVER| Do you often get dizzy when you browse the internet? | 3| 48| 29| 20| Do you prefer to just stay at home and open your Facebook or Twitter account than to go with your friends? | 11| 44| 30| 15| Do you prefer to use Twitter of Facebook rather than studying? 13| 44| 33| 10| How often Facebook do helps you in studying? | 17| 54| 24| 5| How often does Facebook help you to overcome your mental illness? | 14| 34| 40| 12| TOTAL| 100| 100| 100| 100| The study shows that sometimes, the students get dizzy when they are browsing the net, they just prefer to stay at home rather than to go with their friends. Also, they said that sometimes, Facebook and Twitter were useful/helpful in their studying. To the last question, the y answered seldom on how does Facebook help them to overcome their mental illness. Chapter 5 Summary of FindingsThe study utilized the survey approach of research precisely the descriptive method. The said approach is used as much as the principal rationale of the study was to figure out the problems and/or situations under such factors that mostly affect their academic performance. Students from grade 8 of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City were asked to fill up a survey questionnaire. In order to determine the factors that affect student's academic performance, the qualitative research techniques were used particularly the multiple choice questions by Ebel in 1992 and scale type by Kerlington in 1992.A survey questionnaire was prepared for students. This instrument was used to determine the problems and/or situations under such factors that mostly affect student's academic performance. The questionnaire consists of 10 items as indicators. 39% of the sophomore students answ ered that they allotted more than 3 hours per day spending for Facebook and Twitter. 82% of them answered that they spent more than 3 hours in studying per day. 80% of the respondents believed that they find Twitter and Facebook addicting for them. As we asked them to rate their addiction from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest), we got number 8 as the highest vote.As you can see the table 2 figure, numbers 1-4 got the most answer of sometimes. It means that Facebook and Twitter has a great impact on the sophomore students. Question number 5 has 40% of students who answered. Conclusions Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The majority of the student respondents spend more than 3 hours in using social networking sites. 2. Most of the student respondents spend more than 3 hours in studying. 3. The main reason of the students why they are using social networking sites is because they want to keep in touch with their friends and families. . We found out that social ne tworking sites are very addicting. 5. Sometimes, students do experience dizziness when staying long hours using the computer 6. Only a few students choose to stay at home to open their Facebook and Twitter accounts rather than to go out with their friends. 7. Almost half of our respondents said that Facebook sometimes helps them in their studies. 8. Facebook and Twitter seldom help the students to overcome their mental illness. Recommendations On the basis of findings and conclusions taken from the study, the following recommendations are given for consideration. 1.The students should avoid spending long hours in using social networking sites and talk with their parents. 2. The parents should set their own house Internet rules and take good part on their role in their children's school performance. 3. The teachers should maintain their good relationship with their students and guide their students in using social networking sites. 4. The school administrators should be aware of the health hazards of using social networking sites so they can well educate the students. 5. The future researchers should also use other types of survey that will make the study more comprehensive.They should also gather other information about their respondents, e. g. , gender, age, school level, and apply more questions that will make the survey more convincing and realiable. Appendices NAME (optional): AGE: SECTION: GENDER: I. DIRECTIONS: Read each question and encircle the letter of your choice. Please answer honestly. Thank You. 5. What is your time allotted for using social networking site/s per day? e. More than 3 hours f. More than 6 hours g. Less than 3 hours . Less than 6 hours 6. What is your time allotted for studying per day? e. More than 3 hours f. More than 6 hours g. Less than 3 hours h. Less than 6 hours 7. Why do you need to register to these social networking sites? (You may choose more than one. ) e. To keep in touch with friends and family. f. To meet new people . g. For school purposes such as research h. Others: ______________ 8. Do you find Facebook and Twitter addicting? c. YES. (please rate your addiction from 1-10. No. 1 is the lowest) _______ d. NO. 9. Are there any changes in your everyday activities when you started using social networking sites? . YES. b. NO. II. Please answer based on your opinion. | ALWAYS| SOMETIMES| SELDOM| NEVER| Do you often get dizzy when you browse the internet? | | | | | Do you prefer to just stay at home and open your Facebook or Twitter account than to go with your friends? | | | | | Do you prefer to use Twitter of Facebook rather than studying? | | | | | How often Facebook do helps you in studying? | | | | | How often does Facebook helplp you to overcome your mental illness? | | | | | SIGNATURE: ________________ SOURCE: http://www. quibblo. com/quiz/aWuYw2c/20-Questions-for-Social-Media-Users